转基因大豆外源基因的漂移风险

转基因作物外源基因的漂移已为国内外学者所证实。我国每年进口转基因大豆的数量巨大,转基因大豆外源基因的漂移对我国传统的大豆作物和生态环境是一个潜在威胁。本文论述了转基因大豆的概况和外源基因漂移的风险,并对进境转基因大豆的检测监管进行了思考。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌工程菌BIOT185对金龟子幼虫的田间防效及其安全性评价

为评价苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)工程菌BIOT185对金龟子幼虫的田间防治效果以及其中间试验水平的安全性,在河北省定州市花生田开展了两年的田间小区试验。调查结果表明,每mL含100亿芽胞的工程菌BIOT185悬浮剂稀释10倍和100倍处理对金龟子幼虫具有较好的防治效果,虫口减退率可达52.08%～70.51%,保果效果为50.40%～66.57%,说明高浓度的BIOT185可以有效控制金龟子幼虫的危害。利用平板菌落计数法结合PCR检测发现,在施药后的365 d中BIOT185在土壤中的菌量总体呈下降趋势;调查田间各小区的昆虫种群发现,工程菌BIOT185处理区与野生菌HBF-1、BT185以及对照区的昆虫种群差异不显著。说明BIOT185不会在土壤环境中大量残留,也不会影响花生田的昆虫种群。     

拮抗细菌Bs-0728对板蓝根根腐病的防治作用

［目的］ 筛选对板蓝根根腐病有较强拮抗作用的生防菌株。［方法］ 采用平板对峙法对137个板蓝根根际土壤样本中分离到的201株拮抗细菌进行测试。［结果］ 筛选出1个对板蓝根根腐病菌有强烈抑制作用的菌株Bs-0728。结合显微镜观察确定Bs-0728菌株对板蓝根根腐病的主要致病菌茄腐镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,导致菌丝生长畸形,弯曲,部分细胞膨大。田间试验结果表明,Bs-0728的发酵液田间防效达72.97%,且增产86.26%。经形态观察、生理生化反应及16S rDNA 序列分析,初步将此拮抗细菌鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis。［结论］ 枯草芽孢杆菌Bs-0728菌株是一株很有应用前景的生防菌株。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant crop systems in the United States. Part 2: Perspectives

A six-state, 5 year field project was initiated in 2006 to study weed management methods that foster the sustainability of genetically engineered (GE) glyphosate-resistant (GR) crop systems. The benchmark study field-scale experiments were initiated following a survey, conducted in the winter of 2005-2006, of farmer opinions on weed management practices and their views on GR weeds and management tactics. The main survey findings supported the premise that growers were generally less aware of the significance of evolved herbicide resistance and did not have a high recognition of the strong selection pressure from herbicides on the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds. The results of the benchmark study survey indicated that there are educational challenges to implement sustainable GR-based crop systems and helped guide the development of the field-scale benchmark study. Paramount is the need to develop consistent and clearly articulated science-based management recommendations that enable farmers to reduce the potential for HR weeds. This paper provides background perspectives about the use of GR crops, the impact of these crops and an overview of different opinions about the use of GR crops on agriculture and society, as well as defining how the benchmark study will address these issues.     

菠菜内生固氮菌的分离及其功能特性研究

内生固氮菌具有促生、病原菌的防治及生物固氮等作用,并且占据着植物组织内有利于营养供应和微环境适宜的生态位,是重要的微生物菌种资源。从菠菜根内分离筛选优势内生固氮菌7株,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)5株,红球菌属(Rhodococcus)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)各1株。菌株Pseudomonas sp.BCE6和Pseudomonas sp.BC-E8固氮酶活性较高,分别为(13.19±0.32)和(12.11±0.96)C2H4nmol/(mg protein·h),与圆褐固氮菌(ACCC11103)的固氮酶活性具有极显著性差异(P0.01);菌株Pseudomonas sp.BC-E7具有固氮酶活性[(8.42±0.03)C2H4nmol/(mg protein·h)]、产IAA能力[(59.58±4.15)μg/m L]、ACC脱氨酶活性[(5.067±0.376)μmol/(mg protein·h)],拮抗立枯丝核菌ACCC36124(Rhizoctonia solani)、麦类赤霉病ACCC36272(Gibberella zeae)等4种常见土传病害。菠菜内生固氮菌Pseudomonas sp.BC-E7是一株多功能内生菌,具有较好的生产应用前景。     

嗜酸乳杆菌真空喷雾干燥微胶囊化技术的研究

以阿拉伯胶、β-环糊精、可溶性淀粉、明胶、脱脂奶粉为壁材，根据正交试验确定微生态菌株嗜酸乳杆菌细胞微胶囊化的最佳真空喷雾干燥进风温度、壁材浓度和芯材浓度，并对其粒子直径进行分析。结果表明，β-环糊精与阿拉伯胶以9∶1配比为理想壁材，喷雾干燥进风温度170℃、壁材浓度20%和芯材浓度6%为最佳组合，活菌数达10⁸ cfu/g以上，微胶囊粒子直径平均为20 μm。     

亚麻快速生物脱胶技术研究：Ⅰ．亚麻快速脱胶菌株的选育

通过广泛采集菌样、初筛、复筛和诱变育种等手段，获得了1株(编号为Ym68′)亚麻快速脱胶菌株；并对该菌株进行了规模为100kg的亚麻快速脱胶试验。结果表明：Ym68′在实验室条件下16h内可完成亚麻脱胶；与传统脱胶工艺相比，其脱胶周期缩短79％以上、综合出麻率提高7．3个百分点、纤维强力和长度分别提高50％和3．3％、COD降低17％左右，具有脱胶周期短、纤维产量高、品质好和环境污染轻等特点。     

拮抗细菌对烟草黑胫病的防治效果研究

采用温室盆栽试验测试5株芽孢杆菌属生防细菌对烟草黑胫病的拮抗作用。结果表明,拮抗细菌芽孢杆菌1205对苗期烟草黑胫病有较稳定的防治效果,其分泌物还有促进烟株生长的作用,经鉴定1205菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

纤维素降解菌的筛选及其酶学性质研究

从霉变甘蔗叶中分离到1株纤维素降解菌,对其部分重要培养条件和酶学性质进行了研究,结果表明:该降解菌最适培养条件为碳源羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、碳源浓度2.0%、氮源酵母粉、培养温度20℃、培养p H 6.5,培养时间96 h。该降解菌所产滤纸酶和CMC酶的酶活性最适温度为40℃,最适p H为5.5。